{Gave up} (ed(936b)en). Just "gave" (first aorist active
indicative of did(936d)i), but for the sea to give is to give up
(effective aorist). Sea as well as land delivers its dead (all
kinds of dead, good and bad). Swete notes that accidental deaths
will not prevent any from appearing. Milligan is sure that the
sea here means "the sea of the troubled and sinful world." {Death
and Hades} (ho thanatos kai ho h(8369)d(8873)). "An inseparable pair"
(Swete) as in  1:18  6:8  20:14 . So in  Mt 16:18  "the gates of
Hades" means the power of death. Etymologically Hades is the
unseen world where all who die are as opposed to this visible
world, but in actual use Hades is sometimes treated as the abode
of the unrighteous ( Lu 16:23 ). Charles thinks that this is true
here, though there is nothing to show it apart from the
personification of death and Hades and the casting of both into
the lake of fire in verse  14 . Here again "each man"
(hekastos) receives judgment according to his deeds ( Mt 16:27  1Co 3:13  2Co 5:10  Ro 2:6  14:12  1Pe 1:17  Re 2:23 ).