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 {James} (Iak(9362)os). Grecised form (nominative absolute) of
the Hebrew Iak(9362) (so LXX). Common name among the Jews, and this
man in Josephus (_Ant_. XX.9.1) and three others of this name in
Josephus also. {Servant} (doulos). Bond-servant or slave as
Paul ( Ro 1:1  Php 1:1  Tit 1:1 ). {Of the Lord Jesus Christ}
(kuriou I(8873)ou Christou). Here on a par with God (	heou) and
calls himself not adelphos (brother) of Jesus, but doulos.
The three terms here as in  2:1  have their full significance:
Jesus is the Messiah and Lord. James is not an Ebionite. He
accepts the deity of Jesus his brother, difficult as it was for
him to do so. The word kurios is frequent in the LXX for
_Elohim_ and _Jahweh_ as the Romans applied it to the emperor in
their emperor worship. See  1Co 12:3  for Kurios I(8873)ous and
 Php 2:11  for Kurios I(8873)ous Christos. {To the twelve tribes}
(	ais d(9364)eka phulais). Dative case. The expression means
"Israel in its fulness and completeness" (Hort), regarded as a
unity ( Ac 26:7 ) with no conception of any "lost" tribes. {Which
are of the Dispersion} (	ais en t(8869) diaspor(8369)). "Those in the
Dispersion" (repeated article). The term appears in  De 28:25 
(LXX) and comes from diaspeir(935c), to scatter (sow) abroad. In its
literal sense we have it in  Joh 7:34 , but here and in  1Pe 1:1 
Christian Jews are chiefly, if not wholly, in view. The Jews at
this period were roughly divided into Palestinian Jews (chiefly
agriculturists) and Jews of the Dispersion (dwellers in cities
and mainly traders). In Palestine Aramaic was spoken as a rule,
while in the Western Diaspora the language was Greek (_Koin(825f),
LXX), though the Eastern Diaspora spoke Aramaic and Syriac. The
Jews of the Diaspora were compelled to compare their religion
with the various cults around them (comparative religion) and had
a wider outlook on life. James writes thus in cultural _Koin(825f)
but in the Hebraic tone. {Greeting} (chairein). Absolute
infinitive (present active of chair(935c)) as in  Ac 15:23  (the
Epistle to Antioch and the churches of Syria and Galatia). It is
the usual idiom in the thousands of papyri letters known to us,
but in no other New Testament letter. But note chairein legete
in  2Jo 1:10,11 .

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